% hungarian() - Solve the assignment problem using the Hungarian method.
% 
% Usage: >> [C,T]=hungarian(A)
%
% Inputs:
%   A - a square (correlation/distance/cost) matrix.
%   C - the optimal assignment (closest row/col pairs)
%   T - the total (minimized) cost of the optimal assignment. 
%
% Author: Niclas Borlin, 1996

% Adapted from the FORTRAN IV code in Carpaneto and Toth, "Algorithm 548:
% Solution of the assignment problem [H]", ACM Transactions on
% Mathematical Software, 6(1):104-111, 1980.
%
% v1.0  96-06-14. Niclas Borlin, niclas@cs.umu.se.
%                 Department of Computing Science, Umeå University,
%                 Sweden.
%
% NOTE: A substantial effort was put into this code. If you use it for a
% publication or otherwise, please include an acknowledgement and notify
% me by email. /Niclas

function [C,T]=hungarian(A)

[m,n]=size(A);

if (m~=n)
    error('HUNGARIAN: Cost matrix must be square!');
end

% Save original cost matrix.
orig=A;

% Reduce matrix.
A=hminired(A);

% Do an initial assignment.
[A,C,U]=hminiass(A);

% Repeat while we have unassigned rows.
while (U(n+1))
    % Start with no path, no unchecked zeros, and no unexplored rows.
    LR=zeros(1,n);
    LC=zeros(1,n);
    CH=zeros(1,n);
    RH=[zeros(1,n) -1];
    
    % No labelled columns.
    SLC=[];
    
    % Start path in first unassigned row.
    r=U(n+1);
    % Mark row with end-of-path label.
    LR(r)=-1;
    % Insert row first in labelled row set.
    SLR=r;
    
    % Repeat until we manage to find an assignable zero.
    while (1)
        % If there are free zeros in row r
        if (A(r,n+1)~=0)
            % ...get column of first free zero.
            l=-A(r,n+1);
            
            % If there are more free zeros in row r and row r in not
            % yet marked as unexplored..
            if (A(r,l)~=0 & RH(r)==0)
                % Insert row r first in unexplored list.
                RH(r)=RH(n+1);
                RH(n+1)=r;
                
                % Mark in which column the next unexplored zero in this row
                % is.
                CH(r)=-A(r,l);
            end
        else
            % If all rows are explored..
            if (RH(n+1)<=0)
                % Reduce matrix.
                [A,CH,RH]=hmreduce(A,CH,RH,LC,LR,SLC,SLR);
            end
            
            % Re-start with first unexplored row.
            r=RH(n+1);
            % Get column of next free zero in row r.
            l=CH(r);
            % Advance "column of next free zero".
            CH(r)=-A(r,l);
            % If this zero is last in the list..
            if (A(r,l)==0)
                % ...remove row r from unexplored list.
                RH(n+1)=RH(r);
                RH(r)=0;
            end
        end
        
        % While the column l is labelled, i.e. in path.
        while (LC(l)~=0)
            % If row r is explored..
            if (RH(r)==0)
                % If all rows are explored..
                if (RH(n+1)<=0)
                    % Reduce cost matrix.
                    [A,CH,RH]=hmreduce(A,CH,RH,LC,LR,SLC,SLR);
                end
                
                % Re-start with first unexplored row.
                r=RH(n+1);
            end
            
            % Get column of next free zero in row r.
            l=CH(r);
            
            % Advance "column of next free zero".
            CH(r)=-A(r,l);
            
            % If this zero is last in list..
            if(A(r,l)==0)
                % ...remove row r from unexplored list.
                RH(n+1)=RH(r);
                RH(r)=0;
            end
        end
        
        % If the column found is unassigned..
        if (C(l)==0)
            % Flip all zeros along the path in LR,LC.
            [A,C,U]=hmflip(A,C,LC,LR,U,l,r);
            % ...and exit to continue with next unassigned row.
            break;
        else
            % ...else add zero to path.
            
            % Label column l with row r.
            LC(l)=r;
            
            % Add l to the set of labelled columns.
            SLC=[SLC l];
            
            % Continue with the row assigned to column l.
            r=C(l);
            
            % Label row r with column l.
            LR(r)=l;
            
            % Add r to the set of labelled rows.
            SLR=[SLR r];
        end
    end
end

% Calculate the total cost.
T=sum(orig(logical(sparse(C,1:size(orig,2),1))));


function A=hminired(A)
%HMINIRED Initial reduction of cost matrix for the Hungarian method.
%
%B=assredin(A)
%A - the unreduced cost matris.
%B - the reduced cost matrix with linked zeros in each row.

% v1.0  96-06-13. Niclas Borlin, niclas@cs.umu.se.

[m,n]=size(A);

% Subtract column-minimum values from each column.
colMin=min(A);
A=A-colMin(ones(n,1),:);

% Subtract row-minimum values from each row.
rowMin=min(A')';
A=A-rowMin(:,ones(1,n));

% Get positions of all zeros.
[i,j]=find(A==0);

% Extend A to give room for row zero list header column.
A(1,n+1)=0;
for k=1:n
    % Get all column in this row. 
    cols=j(k==i)';
    % Insert pointers in matrix.
    A(k,[n+1 cols])=[-cols 0];
end


function [A,C,U]=hminiass(A)
%HMINIASS Initial assignment of the Hungarian method.
%
%[B,C,U]=hminiass(A)
%A - the reduced cost matrix.
%B - the reduced cost matrix, with assigned zeros removed from lists.
%C - a vector. C(J)=I means row I is assigned to column J,
%              i.e. there is an assigned zero in position I,J.
%U - a vector with a linked list of unassigned rows.

% v1.0  96-06-14. Niclas Borlin, niclas@cs.umu.se.

[n,np1]=size(A);

% Initalize return vectors.
C=zeros(1,n);
U=zeros(1,n+1);

% Initialize last/next zero "pointers".
LZ=zeros(1,n);
NZ=zeros(1,n);

for i=1:n
    % Set j to first unassigned zero in row i.
	lj=n+1;
	j=-A(i,lj);

    % Repeat until we have no more zeros (j==0) or we find a zero
	% in an unassigned column (c(j)==0).
    
	while (C(j)~=0)
		% Advance lj and j in zero list.
		lj=j;
		j=-A(i,lj);
	
		% Stop if we hit end of list.
		if (j==0)
			break;
		end
	end

	if (j~=0)
		% We found a zero in an unassigned column.
		
		% Assign row i to column j.
		C(j)=i;
		
		% Remove A(i,j) from unassigned zero list.
		A(i,lj)=A(i,j);

		% Update next/last unassigned zero pointers.
		NZ(i)=-A(i,j);
		LZ(i)=lj;

		% Indicate A(i,j) is an assigned zero.
		A(i,j)=0;
	else
		% We found no zero in an unassigned column.

		% Check all zeros in this row.

		lj=n+1;
		j=-A(i,lj);
		
		% Check all zeros in this row for a suitable zero in another row.
		while (j~=0)
			% Check the in the row assigned to this column.
			r=C(j);
			
			% Pick up last/next pointers.
			lm=LZ(r);
			m=NZ(r);
			
			% Check all unchecked zeros in free list of this row.
			while (m~=0)
				% Stop if we find an unassigned column.
				if (C(m)==0)
					break;
				end
				
				% Advance one step in list.
				lm=m;
				m=-A(r,lm);
			end
			
			if (m==0)
				% We failed on row r. Continue with next zero on row i.
				lj=j;
				j=-A(i,lj);
			else
				% We found a zero in an unassigned column.
			
				% Replace zero at (r,m) in unassigned list with zero at (r,j)
				A(r,lm)=-j;
				A(r,j)=A(r,m);
			
				% Update last/next pointers in row r.
				NZ(r)=-A(r,m);
				LZ(r)=j;
			
				% Mark A(r,m) as an assigned zero in the matrix . . .
				A(r,m)=0;
			
				% ...and in the assignment vector.
				C(m)=r;
			
				% Remove A(i,j) from unassigned list.
				A(i,lj)=A(i,j);
			
				% Update last/next pointers in row r.
				NZ(i)=-A(i,j);
				LZ(i)=lj;
			
				% Mark A(r,m) as an assigned zero in the matrix . . .
				A(i,j)=0;
			
				% ...and in the assignment vector.
				C(j)=i;
				
				% Stop search.
				break;
			end
		end
	end
end

% Create vector with list of unassigned rows.

% Mark all rows have assignment.
r=zeros(1,n);
rows=C(C~=0);
r(rows)=rows;
empty=find(r==0);

% Create vector with linked list of unassigned rows.
U=zeros(1,n+1);
U([n+1 empty])=[empty 0];


function [A,C,U]=hmflip(A,C,LC,LR,U,l,r)
%HMFLIP Flip assignment state of all zeros along a path.
%
%[A,C,U]=hmflip(A,C,LC,LR,U,l,r)
%Input:
%A   - the cost matrix.
%C   - the assignment vector.
%LC  - the column label vector.
%LR  - the row label vector.
%U   - the 
%r,l - position of last zero in path.
%Output:
%A   - updated cost matrix.
%C   - updated assignment vector.
%U   - updated unassigned row list vector.

% v1.0  96-06-14. Niclas Borlin, niclas@cs.umu.se.

n=size(A,1);

while (1)
    % Move assignment in column l to row r.
    C(l)=r;
    
    % Find zero to be removed from zero list..
    
    % Find zero before this.
    m=find(A(r,:)==-l);
    
    % Link past this zero.
    A(r,m)=A(r,l);
    
    A(r,l)=0;
    
    % If this was the first zero of the path..
    if (LR(r)<0)
        % remove row from unassigned row list and return.
        U(n+1)=U(r);
        U(r)=0;
        return;
    else
        
        % Move back in this row along the path and get column of next zero.
        l=LR(r);
        
        % Insert zero at (r,l) first in zero list.
        A(r,l)=A(r,n+1);
        A(r,n+1)=-l;
        
        % Continue back along the column to get row of next zero in path.
        r=LC(l);
    end
end


function [A,CH,RH]=hmreduce(A,CH,RH,LC,LR,SLC,SLR)
%HMREDUCE Reduce parts of cost matrix in the Hungerian method.
%
%[A,CH,RH]=hmreduce(A,CH,RH,LC,LR,SLC,SLR)
%Input:
%A   - Cost matrix.
%CH  - vector of column of 'next zeros' in each row.
%RH  - vector with list of unexplored rows.
%LC  - column labels.
%RC  - row labels.
%SLC - set of column labels.
%SLR - set of row labels.
%
%Output:
%A   - Reduced cost matrix.
%CH  - Updated vector of 'next zeros' in each row.
%RH  - Updated vector of unexplored rows.

% v1.0  96-06-14. Niclas Borlin, niclas@cs.umu.se.

n=size(A,1);

% Find which rows are covered, i.e. unlabelled.
coveredRows=LR==0;

% Find which columns are covered, i.e. labelled.
coveredCols=LC~=0;

r=find(~coveredRows);
c=find(~coveredCols);

% Get minimum of uncovered elements.
m=min(min(A(r,c)));

% Subtract minimum from all uncovered elements.
A(r,c)=A(r,c)-m;

% Check all uncovered columns..
for j=c
    % ...and uncovered rows in path order..
    for i=SLR
        % If this is a (new) zero..
        if (A(i,j)==0)
            % If the row is not in unexplored list..
            if (RH(i)==0)
                % ...insert it first in unexplored list.
                RH(i)=RH(n+1);
                RH(n+1)=i;
                % Mark this zero as "next free" in this row.
                CH(i)=j;
            end
            % Find last unassigned zero on row I.
            row=A(i,:);
            colsInList=-row(row<0);
            if (length(colsInList)==0)
                % No zeros in the list.
                l=n+1;
            else
                l=colsInList(row(colsInList)==0);
            end
            % Append this zero to end of list.
            A(i,l)=-j;
        end
    end
end

% Add minimum to all doubly covered elements.
r=find(coveredRows);
c=find(coveredCols);

% Take care of the zeros we will remove.
[i,j]=find(A(r,c)<=0);

i=r(i);
j=c(j);

for k=1:length(i)
    % Find zero before this in this row.
    lj=find(A(i(k),:)==-j(k));
    % Link past it.
    A(i(k),lj)=A(i(k),j(k));
    % Mark it as assigned.
    A(i(k),j(k))=0;
end

A(r,c)=A(r,c)+m;
